What Breeds Of Dogs Are Good Service Dogs

APDT Chron Canis familiaris. Author manuscript; bachelor in PMC 2016 Jan 4.

Published in last edited form as:

APDT Chron Domestic dog. 2015 summer; 2015(summertime): 71–77.

PMCID: PMC4699317

NIHMSID: NIHMS744166

Selecting Quality Service Dogs

Part 1: Morphological and Health Considerations

Lindsay Parenti, MA, BCBA, Matthew Wilson, PhD, Anne M. Foreman, PhD, Oliver Wirth, PhD, and B. Jean Meade, DVM, Doctor, MPH, PhD

Service dogs include dogs for mobility, vision, hearing, developmental disabilities, diabetic alert, seizure alarm, and psychiatric support. They are trained to "provide work or perform tasks related to an individual'south disability." When accompanied by a service domestic dog, the individual with a disability is afforded some public access protections (Parenti, Foreman, Meade, & Wirth, 2013).

Electric current demand for service dogs outweighs supply (G. Winkle, Crowe, & Hendrix, 2012), and boilerplate await times of upwards to three years for a well-trained dog are non uncommon. Service dogs are generally trained for a minimum of 18 months, and training tin cost anywhere from $ten,000 to $twenty,000 (Allen & Blascovich, 1996). According to some estimates, simply 50% of dogs entering training progress to the level of service dog (Batt, Batt, Baguley, & McGreevy, 2008), increasing the cost of training and limiting the number of available dogs. Hereditary diseases and behavioral problems are the most common reasons for a domestic dog to be released from a training program (Wahl, Herbst, Clark, Tsai, & Murphy, 2008).

Targeted option and breeding of physically and behaviorally healthy dogs would let organizations to allocate their resources more efficiently, reduce preparation costs, and increase the supply of service dogs to those in demand. Service domestic dog training programs nationwide can benefit from selecting and breeding dogs based on characteristics relevant to their service canis familiaris specialty.

This is the first of three articles on the pick and breeding of dogs for service work. The current commodity addresses morphological and wellness considerations; the remaining articles volition focus on beliefs and temperament characteristics and research in the field of service canis familiaris preparation.

Several breeds of domestic dog have many of the necessary morphological (the form and structure of an organism) traits and full general behavioral tendencies suitable for assistance piece of work. Tabular array one shows the common breeds and their full general characteristics. Retriever breeds are often selected for mobility assistance considering of their consistent temperament, trainability, and their predilection to recollect objects (Burghardt, 2003; Weiss & Greenberg, 1997; Ostrander, et al., 2006). Although the information in this series may be applicative to any breed or mixed brood, it volition focus on the well-nigh unremarkably used breeds for service domestic dog work: Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, German Shepherd Dogs, Saint Bernards, Collies, and Cocker Spaniels.

Table 1

Characteristics of some of the most commonly used breeds for service work. Information taken from the American Kennel Social club (www.akc.org).

Breed	Bred for	Group	Height	Weight	Temperament
Golden Retriever	Think game	Sporting group	20–24 in	55–75 lbs	Intelligent, eager to delight, active, energetic, friendly
Labrador Retriever	Retrieve fishing nets and game	Sporting group	21.5–24.5 in	55–75 lbs	Gentle, intelligent, family friendly, bent to please, stable temperament, approachable, devoted
German Shepherd Dog	Herding livestock	Herding group	22–26 in	75–95 lbs	Dependable, loving family companion, approachable, direct and fearless, strong, energetic, fun-loving, loyal.
Saint Bernard	Guard domestic dog, avalanche rescue	Working group	25.v–27.5 in	130–180 lbs	Gentle, dignified, powerful
Collie	Drover dog	Herding group	22–26 in	l–75 lbs	Active, elegant, graceful, loyal, affectionate
Cocker Spaniel	Hunting canis familiaris	Sporting group	13.5–15.v in	15–30 lbs	Merry, well-balanced, active

Knowledge of the genetic control of morphology and disorders is imperative when breeding and selecting dogs for service domestic dog work. This article is not exhaustive; it serves to illustrate the substantial risks in spreading genetic disorders through uninformed breeding practices. Service domestic dog providers interested in breeding should acquire supplementary information regarding ethical guidelines and genetics.

Morphological Considerations

Morphological variation observed across dog breeds is greater than in any other mammalian species (Ostrander, et al., 2006). Dog breeds vary in ear length and railroad vehicle, caput shape, coat color and texture, and of course, body size and shape. Of these, size and forcefulness are of particular importance when selecting a dog for specific tasks. For instance, a dog used for mobility assistance should be a large, potent dog to suffer the weight of his handler and to provide balance. Alternatively, a dog used to help an individual with a hearing impairment may not need to be large or stiff; in fact, hearing dogs are ofttimes smaller breeds (One thousand. Y. Winkle, Wilder, & Jackson, 2014).

Polygenic Traits

Almost 500 genetic diseases have been identified in purebred dogs, and information technology is presumed that every dog is a carrier for several defective genes. In the simplest terms, for most genes at that place are two versions (alleles) that are inherited. If those differ in form, one will have a greater influence (termed authorization) on the observed trait, and the other will take less influence (termed recessive). An example of potency is the gene that controls coat color. Blackness is the dominant form of the gene and in the absence of a single dominant blackness gene, ruddy (or tan) coat color tin exist expressed and is the recessive condition. Notwithstanding, other modifying genes can impact the expression of coat colour, such as the modifying dilution gene that leads to the expression of black glaze color as greyness. Information technology is this polygenic nature of traits that breeders must understand, considering unobserved genetic traits that exist in the otherwise "ideal" domestic dog may come to light with some breeding practices. Most aspects of a dog'due south phenotype, including acme, gait, and advent, are controlled by polygenic traits. Because multiple (and oftentimes undiscovered) genes are involved, these traits are difficult to predict and control through breeding. Although polygenic traits are complex, the ability of careful selective breeding practices to modify characteristics, such as hip dysplasia and other physical features, demonstrates that some control over polygenic traits is possible.

Health Characteristics

A service dog must be physically healthy to provide effective and long-term help. Health disorders are a source of expense to service dog training organizations and clients, and they can reduce the working life of a service dog. Each brood of dog has its own detail health concerns. Among the common breeds, more than 40 inherited disorders have been documented (Ostrander, et al., 2006). Table two lists common disorders, brief descriptions of the disorders, and the breeds at risk.

Table ii

Common genetic disorders and the breeds affected.

Mutual Disorder	Clarification	Breeds Affected
Hip Dysplasia	A status in which the hip joint develops incorrectly and tin lead to inflammation. Growth rate and weight are important factors.	Large breeds — Gold Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Saint Bernards
Elbow Dysplasia	Abnormal evolution of the elbow joint that can lead to inflammation. Growth rate and weight are important factors.	Large breeds; more prevalent in males than females
Congenital Heart Affliction	A variety of cardiac malformations of the heart or its vessels from birth.	More than mutual in purebreds than in mixed breeds — German Shepherd Dogs, Saint Bernard, Gold Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers
Progressive Retinal Cloudburst (PRA)	Deterioration of the retina, leads to blindness.	Most breeds
Pigmentary Uveitis	Inflammatory disease of the eye; ofttimes leads to glaucoma.	Gilt Retrievers especially prone
Chronis Superficial Keratitis (CSK)	Aka pannus; inflammatory corneal illness.	Large breeds — Primarily German Shepherd Dogs
Cataracts	Clouding of the eye's lens, causing dumb vision.	Not breed specific; can affect whatever brood
Narcolepsy	Neurological disorder that results in excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, and sleep attacks.	Labrador Retriever
Centronuclear myopathy	A rare, just serious disorder involving musculus atrophy.	Labrador Retrievers
Epilepsy	A neurological disorder.	Not breed specific
Degenerative Myelopathy	A progressive neurodegenerative disease; leads to paralysis.	German language Shepherd Dogs

Cancers

The rate of cancer reported in dogs is the similar to that in humans: 1 in 3. Every bit with other disorders, cancer affects different breeds at diverse rates. For case, Golden Retrievers have near double the rate of cancer of all other dogs. Cancers are produced by the combination of complex genetic mutations and ecology influences; however, virtually cancer in dogs is considered sporadic, or has no identifiable cause. The onset of cancer is typically afterward in life, making screening prior to convenance difficult (Hovan). For example, lymphoma, one of the most often diagnosed cancers in Golden Retrievers, has an average age of diagnosis of 5 to 9 years (Rassnick, 2008). This late onset, paired with the complexity of inheritance, makes information technology impossible to know in accelerate whether a canis familiaris will or volition not develop cancer. Even and then, breeders frequently recommend raising puppies to grow slowly, keep them lean, and avoid exposing them to certain environmental toxins as preventative measures (Hovan).

Degenerative articulation disease

Degenerative joint diseases, such as hip dysplasia, are common orthopedic diseases of large breed dogs, such as German Shepherd Dogs, Saint Bernards, Golden Retrievers, and Labrador Retrievers. In dogs with hip dysplasia, the components of the hip joint exercise not fit together correctly, resulting in joint laxity (looseness). The abnormal hip results in damage to the cartilage, inflammation, bone spurs, and pain Symptoms include gait abnormalities and reluctance to move. Evolution of hip dysplasia in a working dog reduces the canis familiaris's ability to engage in agile behaviors related to service work, due to resulting pain affecting the dog's motivation to work. Pain may also affect the human-dog relationship and even atomic number 82 to assailment.

Elbow dysplasia leads to decreased range of motility in the elbow joint, abnormal gait, and hurting which tin appear as early equally 5 months of age. Similar hip dysplasia, it begins with abnormal formation of the joint. Breeds most normally affected by elbow dysplasia are the Rottweiler, Bernese Mountain Canis familiaris, Labrador/Gilt Retriever, and the High german Shepherd Dog (Kirberger & Fourie, 1998). As with hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia can drastically reduce the working life of service dogs.

Hip and elbow dysplasia are polygenic diseases that are partially inherited. Environmental factors such equally caloric intake, level of practice, weight proceeds, and even weather seem to have an effect on the expression of hip dysplasia (Smith et al., 2001). Several studies have found that lower caloric intake is associated with a decreased prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia; even so information technology is unclear whether it is lower weight or a reduction in rate of growth that is responsible for this association (Kealy et al., 2000).

Congenital center disease (CHD)

Congenital heart disease refers to a diverseness of cardiac malformations of the middle or its vessels at birth. Clinical signs of CHD include enlargement of the heart, cardiac arrhythmias, and murmurs. Symptoms may include coughing and exercise intolerance. Tragically, in some cases, the first clinical sign is sudden death. Sure built heart defects are surgically correctable, only many astringent forms of CHD lead to decease due to congestive center failure. Service dogs with CHD will exist unable to endure the physical stress of working, and will thus need to retire at an earlier age, if they can work at all.

Approximately 1% of dogs presented to veterinary clinics prove some form of congenital heart defect (Patterson, 1989). 1 written report of 976 dogs presented to a cardiology referral center found that 22% were diagnosed with CHD. Labrador Retrievers, Gilded Retrievers, and German Shepherd Dogs were found among the top seven breeds at highest risk (Oliveira et al., 2011). The most common CHDs in dogs include pulmonic stenosis and subaortic stenosis. Congenital eye disease is more than common in purebreds than in mixed breeds and each brood appears to be predisposed to specific types of CHD. For example, Golden Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs have been plant to be at a high risk for congenital aortic stenosis. Subaortic stenosis is especially prevalent in Golden Retrievers (Patterson, 1989). German Shepherd Dogs are predisposed to mitral valve dysplasia and Labrador Retrievers to tricuspid valve dysplasia (Famula, Siemens, Davidson, & Packard, 2002). Non-built, or caused, heart defects as well occur and, although there may be a genetic component to these disorders, environment is believed to play a bigger role.

Middle diseases

Heart diseases, common in many breeds of dog, threaten the working life of a service dog. They can cause pain, discomfort, and blindness. Although greater than 50% of all middle diseases in dogs have a genetic ground (Davidson, 2009), environmental factors such as trauma or nutritional deficiencies are known to play a role in their development.

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) or other PRA-like conditions have been described in more 100 breeds of dog (Padgett, 1998) and are a leading cause of incomprehension. Labrador Retrievers are decumbent to progressive rod-cone degeneration (PRCD), the most oft diagnosed class of PRA (Lin, Gould, Petersen-Jones, & Sargan, 2002). Some clinical signs are common to all cases of PRA, but may differ in onset and charge per unit of progression. Well-nigh forms of PRA cause night incomprehension before a gradual loss of daytime vision occurs, ultimately resulting in complete blindness. In some cases, progressive blindness may not exist apparent until the dog is no longer able to navigate. At that place is no known cure for PRA; however, early on treatment has been reported to delay symptom progression.

Pigmentary uveitis is an inflammatory disease of the inner chamber of the eye. This disease is ofttimes observed in Golden Retrievers iv years of age or older with an estimated prevalence of 25 to 33% (Gilded Retriever Club of America, 2014). In animals affected, the development of secondary glaucoma can be as high as 46% (Townsend, 2008). Glaucoma develops relatively speedily (about five months) later on initial presentation of pigmentary uveitis. The etiology of this disorder is poorly understood; nonetheless, the lack of demonstrable environmental causes and its prevalence is sure breeds have given support to genetic factors every bit a primary influence.

Chronic superficial keratitis (CSK), or pannus, is found primarily in German Shepherd Dogs, merely information technology also occurs in other large breeds. It is a progressive inflammatory disease that affects the surface of the eye and typically affects both eyes simultaneously. Affected dogs bear witness symptoms between iii and v years of historic period (Rafie & Mousavi, 2008). The etiology of CSK is not known, but several factors have been hypothesized to play a role. The status may exist immune mediated, and seems to be heritable, due to credible breed predilection. In addition, ultraviolet lite has been shown to aggravate the status. Treatment includes lifelong medication, but there is no cure, and some patients may lose vision completely (Allgoewer & Hoecht, 2010).

Cataracts are an eye disease characterized by any opacity or cloudiness of the lens or its capsule. Cataracts accept been reported in over 100 breeds of dog (Padgett, 1998), and they are one of the virtually frequent intraocular diseases and crusade of incomprehension in dogs. One study reported a prevalence rate of cataracts in dogs of 2.42% during 1994 to 2003 (Gelatt & MacKay, 2005). Inherited cataracts can impact ane or both eyes and usually develop later iv years of age. Contributing environmental factors may include dietary deficiencies of certain amino acids in neonates, diabetes mellitus, and sure toxins and medications. Dogs with high visual demands, such as working dogs, may be more adversely affected than dogs with less visual stress. The only available treatment is surgery.

Neurological and muscular disorders

Several neurological and muscular disorders occur in dogs, about of which will eliminate a canis familiaris from service dog work. These disorders result in either muscular instability and/or loss of muscular control.

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that results in excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, sluggishness, or cursory periods of collapse and unconsciousness (cataplexy). Bouts of extreme lethargy and/or cataplexy typically final from a few seconds up to 20 minutes and resolve spontaneously. Narcolepsy typically develops under 6 months of historic period. Inheritance has been confirmed in a few breeds, including the Labrador Retriever (McDonnell, 2013). In that location is no cure for this condition, just information technology can oft exist managed with medications.

Centronuclear myopathy or "Labrador muscular myopathy" is a disorder most common in Labrador Retrievers; nevertheless, it is rare. From 2010 to 2012, only 12 out of vii,426 Labrador Retrievers were institute to be affected (<1%) and 267 were carriers (three.6%) based on genetic testing (Maurer et al., 2012). Although rare, its effects are serious. This illness involves muscular atrophy and results in an awkward gait, decreased practise tolerance, and generalized musculus weakness. Clinical symptoms begin at a young age – from 2 weeks to i month – and include weight loss and absence of tendon reflexes. At 2 to 5 months, most symptoms are apparent and a diagnosis can be made. Some affected dogs may suffer from respiratory disease due to atrophy of muscles involved in breathing. This disorder is an autosomal recessive mutation, making awareness of this disorder essential for ethical breeding practices (Veterinary Genetic Services, 2014).

Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder that is characterized by repeated seizures that occur over the span of weeks or months. The incidence of epilepsy in the full general dog population is estimated at between 0.five% and v.7%; nevertheless, the prevalence may be every bit loftier equally 14% in some breeds of dog (Wiersma-Aylward, 2010). About 3% of epilepsy cases are inherited and typically become apparent at around 1 to 3 years of age (O'Brien, 2003). Breeds in which the condition is inherited include Beagles, Dachshunds, Keeshonden, German Shepherd Dogs, Belgian Tervurens, and others. Breeds with a high incidence, but in which inheritance has not yet been established, include Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, Irish Setters, Poodles, Saint Bernards, and Wire Play a joke on Terriers. Medical handling has varying degrees of success. The risks of a service domestic dog with epilepsy are obvious, and the presence of this disorder about certainly eliminates a dog as a potential service dog or service canis familiaris breeder.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness that causes loss of proprioceptive or sensory function. This disorder is present in over 115 breeds, merely is virtually prevalent in German Shepherd Dogs. One study reported an overall prevalence estimate of 0.19% from 1990 to 1999. The prevalence during the aforementioned time menstruum was two% for German Shepherd Dogs (Coates & Wininger, 2010). As the illness progresses, it leads to ataxia (inability to coordinate muscle movements) and weakness of the pelvic limbs. The typical onset is belatedly – after 7 years of historic period. A canis familiaris diagnosed with DM typically will become paraplegic within vi months to a yr subsequently diagnosis. It is an autosomal recessive mutation, which, similar centronuclear myopathy, makes it imperative to avoid breeding two carriers of the mutation.

The second article in this series will discuss behavioral and temperamental considerations when selecting and convenance for service canis familiaris piece of work. We will hash out current research in the surface area, testing strategies, and how genetics and environment may influence behavioral expression. The third article will integrate current knowledge in the field and recommend some all-time practices for canis familiaris choice and screening.

Biographies

•

Lindsay Parenti, MA, BCBA, is a certified service canis familiaris trainer and a lath-certified behavior analyst with all-encompassing experience in dog training, fauna behavior modification, and client training. Lindsay currently teaches two courses at Westward Virginia University in the Animate being and Nutritional Sciences Department, pedagogy students to train service dogs for individuals with mobility impairments and/or psychiatric disabilities (mainly PTSD), and therapy or visitation dogs, with an emphasis on critical evaluation of research in the area. Lindsay as well manages a prison programme in Morgantown, Westward Virginia, in which veteran inmates are taught to train service dogs.

•

Matthew Eastward. Wilson, PhD, is principal investigator for Project ROVER. He is as well a professor of animal and nutritional sciences at Davis College, Westward Virginia University.

•

Anne M. Foreman, PhD, is an acquaintance service fellow in the Wellness Furnishings Laboratory Division of NIOSH. Her recent research interests include the role of dogs in ameliorating veterans' stress at work and the health and rubber implications of the increased presence of dogs in the workplace.

•

Oliver Wirth, PhD, is a research psychologist in the Health Furnishings Laboratory Partition of NIOSH. His recent research interests include veterans' problems and the role that assistances dogs may play in assisting veterans to adjust to civilian life and return to piece of work. He is principal investigator on Project ROVER.

•

B. Jean Meade, DVM, Physician, MPH, PhD, has over thirty years of feel in veterinary medicine. She spent her academic career in the field of immuno-toxicology and is now using her combined feel in veterinary and human being medicine along with her bones science background to investigate the many facets of the human-animal bond.

Footnotes

Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the U.Due south. Department of Wellness and Homo Services.

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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4699317/

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